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What is Breathing?

Q. What is breathing? Ans. Breathing is an external process, in this process inhale of air and exhale of air. Or  Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.   Breathing is also known as external respiration. It is part of respiration but not internal or cellular respiration. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air . Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the fu
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Budding reproduction


A.  Budding (Bud=Outgrowth)

o   Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
o   It is most commonly associated in both unicellular and multi-cellular organisms.
o   Bacteria, yeast, corals, flatworm, jellyfish and sea anemones are some animal species which reproduce through budding.

Mechanism: Each Bud or Outgrowth arise at any plane of parent body enlarges, develops the independent life. It feeds, grows, becomes an adult and repeats the process.


a.   Unicellular organism (Yeast)
b.   Multicellular organism (Hydra)

a.     In Unicellular organism:
o   The small bud-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is called a bud. A small bud arises as an outgrowth of the parent cell.
o   Later the nucleus is separated into two parts and one of the nuclei shifts into the bud. The newly created bud divides and grows into a new cell.



b.     In Multicellular Organisms

o   Budding in Hydra involves a small bud which is developed from its parent Hydra through the repeated mitotic division of its cells.
o   The small bud then receives its nutrition from the parent Hydra and grows healthy. Growth starts by developing small tentacles and the mouth.
o   Finally, the small newly produced Hydra gets separate from its parent Hydra and becomes an independent organism.



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