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What is Breathing?

Q. What is breathing? Ans. Breathing is an external process, in this process inhale of air and exhale of air. Or  Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.   Breathing is also known as external respiration. It is part of respiration but not internal or cellular respiration. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air . Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the fu
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Reproduction by Zoospores


Reproduction by Zoospores


o   Members of Kingdom Fungi & algae reproduce through special reproductive structures called zoospores in aquatic medium.
o   These are flagellated, motile, naked protoplasmic bodies.
o   Zoospores are produced in Zoosporangium.
o   Zoospores are may be biflagellate (Chlamydomonas and Ectocarpus), Quadriflagellate (Ulothrix) or Multiflagellate (Oedogonium).
o   Multinucleated Zoospores are known as Synzoospores.



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