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What is Breathing?

Q. What is breathing? Ans. Breathing is an external process, in this process inhale of air and exhale of air. Or  Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.   Breathing is also known as external respiration. It is part of respiration but not internal or cellular respiration. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air . Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition ...

Vegetative Reproduction by Stem



Vegetative Reproduction by Stem


a.   By Rhizome: These are Stem-like structures that’s grows horizontally across the ground and from which new roots and shoots may arise. They serve as protein and starch storage units serving as a nutrient source for newly developed plants.


b.   By Stems: In this process, new plants arise from the nodes. This is where buds are formed, which grow into new plants. Stems that grow horizontally on the ground are called runners. As these runners grow, bud formation at the nodes, which later develop the roots and shoots, resulting in the formation of new plant. E.g. Cyanadon, Mint etc.



In the plant’s potatoes, stem tubers are found. This part is the swollen apical part containing many nodes or eyes. Every eye has buds. New plants originate from these buds.

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What is Breathing?

Q. What is breathing? Ans. Breathing is an external process, in this process inhale of air and exhale of air. Or  Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.   Breathing is also known as external respiration. It is part of respiration but not internal or cellular respiration. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air . Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition ...

what is Binary Fission? How many types of Binary Fission?

                           Asexual reproductions are following types: A.    Fission B.    Budding C.    Spore formation D.    Fragmentation E.    Regeneration F.    Gemmulation G.    Conidia formation H.    Zoospores I.     Vegetative propagation A.   Fission (Fission=division) It is type of Asexual reproduction in which a fully-grown parent cell divides into two or more than two daughter cells. In this, the reproductive unit is whole parental body. Types of Fission: On the basis of number of off-springs produced, fission reproduction is divides into two categories:   (a)       Binary Fissio n Definition: I t is division of adult parental body into two nearly equal daughter cells during favorable condition. Occurrence: It is the simplest and mos...

Vegetative Reproduction by Roots

              Natural Vegetative Propagation            Natural vegetative propagation occurs when an axillary bud grows into a  lateral  shoot and develops its own roots (also known as adventitious roots). Plant structures allowing natural vegetative propagation include bulbs,  rhizomes ,  stolons  and  tubers . Natural Reproduction done by following methods: a.    By Roots : In this process, new plants grow out of the modified roots called tubers . Some plant roots also develop adventitious buds. These buds grow and form new plants/sprouts under the right conditions. These sprouts can be separated from the parent plant and when planted in other areas, new plants are formed. E.g . Sweet potato, Dahlia etc.