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What is Breathing?

Q. What is breathing? Ans. Breathing is an external process, in this process inhale of air and exhale of air. Or  Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.   Breathing is also known as external respiration. It is part of respiration but not internal or cellular respiration. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air . Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the fu
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Vegetative Reproduction by Stem



Vegetative Reproduction by Stem


a.   By Rhizome: These are Stem-like structures that’s grows horizontally across the ground and from which new roots and shoots may arise. They serve as protein and starch storage units serving as a nutrient source for newly developed plants.


b.   By Stems: In this process, new plants arise from the nodes. This is where buds are formed, which grow into new plants. Stems that grow horizontally on the ground are called runners. As these runners grow, bud formation at the nodes, which later develop the roots and shoots, resulting in the formation of new plant. E.g. Cyanadon, Mint etc.



In the plant’s potatoes, stem tubers are found. This part is the swollen apical part containing many nodes or eyes. Every eye has buds. New plants originate from these buds.

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